For Dialysis machine water application at Hospitals
Electrodialysis:
The haemodialysis machine pumps the patient's blood and the dialysate through the dialyzer. The newest dialysis machines on the market are highly computerized and continuously monitor an array of safety-critical parameters, including blood and dialysate flow rates; dialysis solution conductivity, temperature, and pH; and analysis of the dialysate for evidence of blood leakage or presence of air. Any reading that is out of normal range triggers an audible alarm to alert the patient-care technician who is monitoring the patient.

Water system
An extensive drinking water purification system is absolutely critical for haemodialysis. Since dialysis patients are exposed to vast quantities of water, which is mixed with dialysate concentrate to form the dialysate, even trace mineral contaminants or bacterial endotoxins can filter into the patient's blood. Because the damaged kidneys cannot perform their intended function of removing impurities, ions introduced into the bloodstream via water can build up to hazardous levels, causing numerous symptoms or death. Aluminum, chloramines, fluoride, copper, and zinc, as well as bacterial fragments and endotoxins, have all caused problems in this regard.

For this reason, water used in haemodialysis is carefully purified before use. Initially it is filtered and temperature-adjusted and its pH is corrected by adding an acid or base. Then it is softened. Next the water is run through a tank containing activated charcoal to adsorb organic contaminants. Primary home water purification system is then done by forcing water through a membrane with very tiny pores, a so-called reverse osmosis membrane. This lets the water pass, but holds back even very small solutes such as electrolytes. Final removal of leftover electrolytes is done by passing the water through a tank with ion-exchange resins, which remove any leftover anions or cations and replace them with hydroxyl and hydrogen molecules, respectively, leaving ultra pure water.

Other latest treatment technique for the requirement of ultra pure water for dialysis is Electrodeionisation.

Electrodeionisation (EDI) is a water treatment process that removes ionizable species from liquids using electrically active media and an electrical potential to effect ion transport. It differs from other water purification technologies such as conventional ion exchange in that it does not require the use of chemicals such as acid and caustic. EDI is commonly used as a polishing process to further deionize Reverse Osmosis (RO) permeate to multi-megohm-cm quality water.

The continuous Electrodeionisation (EDI) process is distinguished from other electrochemical collection/discharge processes, in that EDI performance is determined by the ionic transport properties of the active media, not the ionic capacity of the media. EDI devices typically contain semi-permeable ion-exchange membranes and permanently charged media such as ion-exchange resin. The EDI process is essentially a hybrid of two well-known separation processes - ion exchange deionization and Electrodialysis, and is sometimes referred to as filled-cell Electrodialysis.

Even this degree of home drinking water purification systems may be insufficient. The trend lately is to pass this final purified water (after mixing with dialysate concentrate) through a dialyzer membrane. This provides another layer of protection by removing impurities, especially those of bacterial origin that may have accumulated in the water after its passage through the original water purification systems.

Once purified water is mixed with dialysate concentrate, its conductivity increases, since water that contains charged ions conducts electricity. During dialysis, the conductivity of dialysis solution is continuously monitored to ensure that the water and dialysate concentrate are being mixed in the proper proportions. Both excessively concentrated dialysis solution and excessively dilute solution can cause severe clinical problems.

Membrane Group understands these in totality and can design, manufacture, supply, erect & Commission such water treatment systems on turn-key basis.

We also undertake the Operation & Maintenance of such systems.

Domestic drinking water
Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemical and biological contaminants from raw water. The goal is to produce water for human consumption (drinking water). In general the methods used include physical process such as filtration biological processes such as activated carbon filter, reduction of harmful dissolved salts by Reverse Osmosis method and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light.

The purification process of water may reduce the concentration of particulate matter including suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi; and a range of dissolved and particulate material derived from the minerals that water may have made contacted after falling as rain.

The standards for drinking water quality are typically set by Governments or by international standards. These standards will typically set allowable minimum and maximum concentrations of contaminants in drinking water

The table below shows the importance of using a R O based system for drinking water.

Comparison Chart

Membrane Group has different models of Domestic Reverse Osmosis Treatment Systems to cater to the needs of households. Theses are available as Table/Kitchen top; Wall mounted and are easily operated and maintained. Apart from this, we also have Domestic Water Softeners; pressure Boosting systems etc, to meet all household requirements.